Platelets tend to very in size in all species, with some large platelets being seen in all species. The variation in platelet volume is measured on hematologic analyzers as the platelet distribution width. This is analogous to the red blood cell distribution width and is calculated similarly (standard deviation of platelet volume ÷ mean platelet volume). This platelet test result is not usually reported, but the mean platelet volume is reported on most hemograms, along with the platelet count and a smear assessment of platelet numbers. Large platelets are often considered immature platelets, however size and immaturity are not synonymous. Some immature platelets are small and large platelets can form through other mechanisms, e.g. abnormalities in platelet production by the megakaryocyte.
Platelets also have pink granules in their cytoplasm. The granules are less discernible in some species, such as the horse. Loss of granulation can be seen if platelets become activated for any reason (platelets de-granulate) or if they imbibe water. Laser-based hematology analyzers, such as the ADVIA 2120, can provide a measurement of the internal complexity (granularity) of the platelet, as the mean platelet component (MPC). This is analogous to laser-based measurement of hemoglobin concentration (cellular hemoglobin [CH] and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mean [CHCM]) in red blood cells. Accurate values for the mean platelet component are only obtainable if platelets are sphered adequately in the analyzer.
Platelets are generally round to oval, however elongated and spindled forms can be seen in some animals. Platelets that have been slightly activated in the sample or by contact with the glass slide (as is common in feline samples) can have a stellate form with dendritic processes (see figure of the cat platelets below).
Comments on platelets in the different domestic species are given below.
Canine
Canine platelets are moderately variable in size; platelet granules are well-stained. This field is a good representation of the “red cell area” of the smear. It is in this area that the estimate of platelet numbers should be made.
Feline
Cat platelets tend to vary more in size than dogs, with many large platelets being seen in blood from non-diseased or healthy cats. Platelets are also readily activated on blood sample collection in cats and clump frequently, precluding accurate platelet counts in many individuals of this species. The best way to avoid platelet clumping is clean venipuncture and a steady blood draw, with minimal agitating of the sample. Despite best intentions and techniques, platelets can still clump.
Equine
Equine platelets tend to be rather uniform in size and shape. The platelet granules stain very lightly with routine hematology stains, making the platelets faint and sometimes difficult to see at lower magnifications. Platelet counts in horses are often lower than in other species.
Bovine
Bovine platelets are moderately variable in size with granules that are numerous and intensely-stained. Platelet counts tend to be high in health, especially in calves where counts in the neighborhood of one million/µL are common.
