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Acute myeloid leukemia

Left panel: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one or more genetic mutations in a hematopoietic stem cell causes proliferation of the neoplastic clone, outcompeting the residual normal hematopoietic cells (megakaryocytes, erythroid and myeloid progenitors). In many animals, the neoplastic cells spill into blood, resulting in a marked leukocytosis, comprised primarily of tumor cells with single or multiple cytopenias (non-regenerative anemia, neut…

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Development of iron deficiency anemia

…occurs is decreased bone marrow iron (seen as hemosiderin on Prussian-blue stained bone marrow smears) as iron stores are used to maintain erythropoiesis. This is associated with low ferritin (in man), normal iron and % saturation with no anemia. Since ferritin correlates weakly to iron stores in animals, this parameter should not be relied upon as a reliable indicator of bone marrow iron stores. 2. Iron-deficient erythropoiesis: Iron stores in m…

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Development of iron deficiency anemia

…occurs is decreased bone marrow iron (seen as hemosiderin on Prussian-blue stained bone marrow smears) as iron stores are used to maintain erythropoiesis. This is associated with low ferritin (in man), normal iron and % saturation with no anemia. Since ferritin correlates weakly to iron stores in animals, this parameter should not be relied upon as a reliable indicator of bone marrow iron stores. 2. Iron-deficient erythropoiesis: Iron stores in m…

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Cocci in urine

…. Amorphous crystals or debris, however, can have a virtually identical appearance. Use of phase contrast microscopy can help in distinguishing between the two, but examination of a gram-stained drop of the urine sediment is most reliable. Lower panel: High magnification view of a gram-stained slide. A neutrophil and gram positive cocci arranged in clusters and short chains are shown (arrows: some organisms have partially or completely decolorize…

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2020 Case #5

…Point-of-care bloodwork revealed a blood urea nitrogen concentration of 50-80 mg/dL as measured with an azostix and a packed cell volume of 33%. The cat also had a metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation and hyperlactemia. The cat was admitted and treated overnight with amlodipine, intravenous fluids, and an anti-emetic (maropitant). An ultrasonographic examination revealed a foreign body in the stomach and bilaterally small kidneys. Sur…

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January 2019 Case of the Month

…t the cell outline. Water artifact is refractile if you focus up and down. A pretreatment blood smear should be examined because the organisms can rapidly disappear after initiation of therapy.1,2  Evaluation of a freshly drawn blood sample is recommended since these organisms can detach from the red blood cells when stored in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).1,2  Genetic testing with PCR analysis has become the gold standard for…

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January 2017 Case of the Month

…D exhibit diarrhea2 and the recent severe weight loss in this case would be additional support for gastrointestinal involvement. There are no specific diagnostic tests for MEED, with the diagnosis requiring histopathologic evidence of eosinophilic infiltrates in multiple organs and lack of documentation of another disease causing eosinophilic infiltrates (e.g. fungal infection4, T cell lymphoma5). Eosinophilic infiltrates (often accompa…

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Amorphous crystals

…identifiable as to source. Some could represent fragmentation of larger crystals. The pH of the urine can be a guide as to the likely nature of the amorphous crystals (e.g. amorphous phosphates are more likely in alkaline urine in small animal patients). The main issue with amorphous crystals is that they mimic bacterial cocci (and even undergo brownian movement in urine). When in doubt, perform a gram stain on urine. Amorphous crystals do not t…

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May 2015 Case of the Month

…rol crystals are often seen, which represent breakdown of cells within the cyst.2 Fine needle aspiration with cytologic examination is an excellent way to diagnose these lesions.7 Adnexal tumors, such as pilomatricomas and trichoepitheliomas can produce similar cytologic findings, but these are quite rare and usually benign. The treatment of choice for follicular cysts is surgical excision or monitoring (no treatment).5 Surgical excision is recom

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