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Free ionized calcium

Chemistry /

…tions as much as possible (go through the cap with needle and syringe, if using). Keep cool and submit to laboratory ASAP. Test interpretation Aberrations in free ionized calcium indicate a disruption in calcium homeostasis. Free ionized calcium cannot be predicted reliably from total calcium (this is particularly true for animals with renal disease) and correction formula (or adjusting calcium values for albumin concentration) are not recommend…

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Chemical constituents

Urinalysis /

…a preglomerular, prerenal or overload proteinuria because the kidney is being overloaded by these proteins. An example is high concentration of free hemoglobin in plasma from a hemolytic anemia with an intravascular hemolytic component that then is filtered into the urine. For more, see below.  Urinary or reproductive tract inflammation and hemorrhage: These conditions may also result in proteinuria because of the of the plasma proteins (no…

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Calcium

Chemistry /

…hyperPTH High Low – Hypercalcemia of malignancy Low High Normal/high (PTHrP may be high) Vitamin D intoxication Low High High   Measurement of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), free ionized calcium (iCa2+), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) can help discriminate between the various causes of hypercalcemia in dogs. Guidelines for interpretation of these tests in combination are shown in the table at right. Note that PTHrP can…

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Reference intervals

Test Basics /

…sible to formulate age- or breed-specific reference intervals, this is impractical and costly. General criteria for inclusion of animals in reference interval determination are: Healthy: This is usually judged clinically, but serologic testing in some species (e.g. feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus for cats, bovine leukemia virus for cattle) is often included. It can be difficult to identify animals that are completely free…

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DIC

Hemostasis /

…nd may actually be high in some patients (Boudreaux et al 1989). So low AT activities should not be relied upon to diagnose DIC in cats. Red blood cell fragments: Additional tests sometimes used to characterize DIC include blood smear examination for erythrocyte fragments (schistocytes in particular but also keratocytes and acanthocytes – these are of most use in the dog, in which the combination of thrombocytopenia and red blood cell fragm…

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Coombs test

Hematology /

…which is testing for the presence of antibody or complement (C3) on red blood cells (RBCs). It is generally performed as a supportive diagnostic test for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and is most commonly performed in dogs, cats and horses.  Principle of a direct Coombs test With this test, we collect EDTA-anticoagulant blood from the patient with suspected IMHA, wash the RBCs free of plasma, then create a 2% suspension (approxim…

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Overview

Chemistry /

…(separated from cells) or serum (collected into a red top and separated from cells). Samples should be frozen (and stay that way during transit) because proteases degrade the hormone. Measurement of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), free ionized calcium (iCa2+), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) can help discriminate between the various causes of hypercalcemia in dogs. Guidelines for interpretation of these tests in combination are shown in t…

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Coagulation assays

Hemostasis /

…ectronically or optically and is converted into a curve, that reflects the actual kinetics and strength of clot formation, e.g. reaction time or time for start of fibrin formation and maximum amplitude or the strength of the clot. These assays can also examine clot breakdown or fibrinolysis. This technique, unlike mechanical and photo-optical methods, can be performed in whole blood or platelet-rich plasma, thus adding the critical cellular compo…

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Cross-matching

Hemostasis /

…or incompatible) with recipient blood. A variant of this test is the mare-foal or mare-stallion crossmatch or incompatibility testing. In relation to blood transfusions, a cross-match should be performed in the following situations: Naturally occurring pathogenic antibodies to foreign blood group antigens are present. This occurs in the cat. In this species, a cross-match should be performed on the first and every transfusion, unless the blood t…

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Tests

Hemostasis /

Tests for hemostasis generally fall under the categories of primary and secondary hemostasis, fibrinolysis and testing for inhibitors. We have also provided a diagnostic algorithm for test interpretation and a table summaries of thrombocytopenia mechanisms and interpretation of coagulation screening assays. Further information is available on all coagulation tests offered by the Animal Health Diagnostic Center’s Comparative Coagu…

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