…uspected acute tubular necrosis from sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (see images above and urinalysis album, cast gallery). Related links References: Haber MH et al. Color atlas of the urinary sediment. An illustrated field guide based on proficiency testing. College of American Pathologists, Associated Press, 2010. Osborne CA and Stevens JB: Urinalysis: A clinical guide to compassionate patient care, 1999. Ringsrud KM…
…ributes only a small amount to total serum ALP activity. The proportion of C-ALP increases with age in dogs. Isoform measurement is most commonly applied to canine samples to distinguish L-ALP and C-ALP isoforms in cases with increased total serum ALP activity of uncertain cause (to identify whether total ALP is increased due to liver disease or endogenous corticosteroids). However, this is not a very reliable test for this purpose, because any c…
…in free water + Cl– corr), where, change is the difference between the midpoint of the reference interval and the measured concentration of the specific analyte (see Cl– corr previously for an example). The change in free water uses a formula involving sodium concentrations and the normal strong ion difference. Hence, this just adds complexity to the analysis. High [XA–] = metabolic acidosis due to an increase in unmeasured str…
Strong ion approach Read More »
…centration is measured directly using the cyanmethemoglobin method after lysis of RBCs. A lysing agent is added to a sample of diluted blood; the lysing agent disrupts all the RBCs in the sample and releases the hemoglobin into the fluid so that the sample then consists of a solution of hemoglobin (or free hemoglobin). The hemoglobin is converted to a form called cyanmethemoglobin after addition of cyanide and the concentration is read by a spect…
…easured” cations (UC+) These include proteins that are positively charged at physiologic pH (γ-globulins) and the free or ionized forms of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The latter are not seen in high enough concentrations to make much impact on the anion gap. “Unmeasured” anions (UA–) These include proteins that are normally negatively charged at physiologic pH (particularly albumin, which is the largest contributo…
…transition cow energy profile for assessment of energy status in lactating cows at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory in Cornell University. Number of cows : A minimum of 12 animals per herd should be sampled for herd level testing (test description in test interpretation section below). This can be a mixture of heifers and >2 parity cows. Pooled samples: Pooling of individual samples from cows to assess energy status of a herd is NOT recomm…
…ic disorders present with clinical signs of excessive hemorrhage. In contrast, thrombosis is far more difficult to detect clinically or by laboratory tests, particularly when it occurs in internal microvessels. When any animal presents with clinical signs of a hemostatic disorder (hemorrhage or thrombosis), it is essential to do a complete diagnostic evaluation, including performing a thorough physical examination and taking a detailed history. V…
…wn mechanism). Result reporting: Subjectively graded as few, moderate, many. Microcytes Smaller RBC Difficult to identify true microcytes and RBC are not usually reported as microcytes in animals with MCV below the lower reference limit for that species. This term is rarely or not used at Cornell University, since it is of uncertain relevance and could encompass more diagnostic shapes, such as spherocytes, schistocytes. Identification of the la…
…c criteria of malignancy such as variation in cell and nuclear size (Fig 7). Abnormal features may be difficult to discern in unstained urine sediments, particularly in stored samples where nuclei and cells swell with time. For instance, compare the cluster of neoplastic transitional epithelial cells (arrow in Fig 8) to the normal transitional epithelial cells demonstrated in Fig 5. The cells look quite similar. In these cases, cytologic examinat…
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