…lkaline: pH ≤ 7 (in humans, usually in alkaline urine) Variably sized, mostly small to medium, brown, spherical to irregular crystals (“thorny” apple). Common in Dalmations, English bulldogs. In other breeds of dogs or cats, ammonium crystals suggest liver dysfunction and portosystemic shunting. May occur with amorphous urates or sodium urate (needles or prisms) but uncommonly. Xanthine crystals, which can form after allopurinol treat…
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…t function testing, is covered under the hemostasis portion of the site. We have also included a hemogram quick test guide on causes for increases or decreases in our hematologic test results (e.g. hematocrit etc), a summary table of the RBC test results from our automated hematology analyzer and how they are measured, and a summary table on combined interpretation of MCV and MCHC results. Morphologic features: Information on visible ch…
…r from tail tip necrosis (presumably from agglutination of RBCs which block off vessels in the tail tip) (Bride and Littlewood 1998). A Coomb’s test on the neonate will be positive and a crossmatch between the dam’s serum and neonate’s erythrocytes will reveal the incompatibility (for more information, see mare-foal incompatibility). Neonatal immune-mediated thrombocytopenia has also been reported in foals (equine and mule)…
…h of an animal. The following are clinical signs of severe hypophosphatemia: Central nervous system: Seizures, coma and ataxia. Muscles: Ileus in the gastrointestinal system and cardiomyopathy may result. Kidney: Metabolic acidosis due to impaired bicarbonate absorption and calciuria result (with bone lysis). Hematologic effects: Intravascular hemolysis is the most severe side-effect but is quite rare. ATP is required for normal red blood cell m…
…mple should be wrapped in paper towels to prevent direct contact of the tube with the ice, which will result in freezing and lysis of red blood cells. View guidelines for chemistry samples submission and general shipping recommended by the Animal Health Diagnostic Center of Cornell University. Blood tubes Serum Blood tube: Red top Contents: None. Uses: Serum is preferred to plasma for electrophoresis and testing of all chemistry analytes, e…
…imal with a microcytic hypochromic anemia supports an iron deficiency anemia, whereas a low iron and % saturation in an animal with a normocytic normochromic anemia (or without anemia) is likely due to causes other than iron deficiency, such as inflammation. Note, that serum or plasma tests for iron are not measuring “free” iron (which is a strong free radical and would cause major tissue damage if truly “freeR…
…ected and handled appropriately should be done and interpreted together as indicated under the summary of laboratory detection of acid-base disturbances. Biochemical test results associated with acid-base status on a chemistry panel are the following: Bicarbonate: This is a dependent variable and the main buffer for accumulated non-carbonic acids, such as lactate or ketones. Bicarbonate does not buffer carbonic acid (carbon dioxide combined with…
Physiology Schematic of ammonia production Ammonia is produced from dietary amino acids and by catabolism of amino acids, amines, nucleic acids, glutamine and glutamate (nitrogenous wastes) in peripheral tissues (especially skeletal muscle). Gastrointestinal micro-organisms (primarily coliforms and anaerobes in the colon and cecum) convert dietary amino acids and urea into ammonia in the gastrointestinal system. The ammonia is absorbed into the…
…e-mediated, infectious agents, drugs, histiocytic disorders), myelophthisis (leukemia, lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma), drug-induced injury, cyclic hematopoiesis in grey collies; infectious agents (FIV, FeLV, Ehrlichia canis) ↑ Tissue migration Bacterial sepsis, tumor necrosis, abscess, endotoxemia ↑ Destruction Immune-mediated neutropenia, hemophagocytic syndromes, histiocytic sarcoma, drugs (chemotherapeutic agents), toxins and viruses…
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…/Saler-cross cattle Decreased Artifact Anticoagulant chelation (e.g. EDTA) Physiologic Random transient fluctuations Iatrogenic Dexamethasone (cattle) ↓ Absorption/Intake Acid pH in intestine, inflammatory cytokine-mediated upregulation of hepcidin, copper deficiency, zinc excess, inadequate dietary content, intestinal disease, malnutrition (cattle) Sequestration (most common) Mild transient injury/trauma, inflammati…
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