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von Willebrand factor

Hemostasis /

…er, has been purportedly identified by a Michigan-based genetic company (VetGen). The accuracy of their genetic tests has not been validated by independent researchers and their results have not been published in peer-reviewed journals. Nevertheless, based on preliminary comparisons between vWf:Ag results from Cornell University and genetic test results from VetGen, the genetic test for the Scottish Terrier appears to be quite accurate. There hav…

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Liver function

Chemistry /

…clinical signs. Many animals with liver disease or injury can have some evidence of liver dysfunction on laboratory testing (e.g. low urea nitrogen, increased total bilirubin due to unconjugated bilirubin) and some related clinical signs (e.g. icterus) even though the animal has not lost >70-75% of functional hepatic mass and they are not in liver failure. For example, a low urea nitrogen is common in dogs with portosystemic shunts, as are hi…

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Tests

Hematology /

…bs test: This test is mostly used as a diagnostic test for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. We have provided information on this test which is used to detect the presence of immunoglobulins or complement attached on RBCs. White blood cell tests The leukogram (or leukon) includes all tests that evaluate WBC, including the following: Assessment of leukocyte numbers: Total WBC count (all cell types), relative (%) and absolute (cells/u…

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Quick test interpretation

Chemistry /

…acidosis ↓ ↑ normal ↓ Bicarbonate loss metabolic acidosis ↓ normal ↑ ↓ Metabolic alkalosis ↑ normal ↑ ↑ Compensation The table below represents compensatory (secondary) responses to a single primary blood gas disturbance (respiratory or metabolic).  As can be seen, the change in the primary parameter (HCO3 – for metabolic and pCO2 for respiratory) is paralleled by the compensatory response. Primary disorder pH [H+] Primary c…

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Common artifacts

Test Basics /

…at animal is on bromide therapy (we can use a method that reduces this false increase) Post-mortem samples (uncommon) Lysis of cells, bacterial contamination Increases are seen in many test results, particularly those found in high concentrations within cells. Examples include: ↑ K, ↑ calcium, ↑ AST, ↑ LDH, ↑ Mg, ↑ Ph, ↑ iron, ↑ CK, ↓ bicarbonate. For hematologic testing, the changes under hemolysis will apply, although leukocytes and platelets…

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Copyright

Uncategorized /

The compilation of materials gathered here by the editors of eClinPath.com and the pages holding them are protected by copyright, with the copyright held by Cornell University. Distribution of these pages on the Internet does not constitute consent to any use of this material for commercial redistribution, either via the Internet or using some other form of hypertext distribution. Links to the collection or individual pages in it are welcom…

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Smear examination

Hematology /

…e and many, depending on the abnormality. Proficiency in recognizing and interpreting morphologic abnormalities comes only with practice and familiarity with normal features of each species. An important part of blood smear examination is to separate “fact from fiction” or artifact from pathologic changes. This can be challenging and also takes experience and proficiency. Red blood cells: We look for the following changes: Shape (po…

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Other platelet tests

Hematology /

…Laser-based optical analyzers calculate a plateletcrit as follows: Plateletcrit (%) = (MPV x PLT count) ÷ 1000 Test interpretation A reference interval of 0.129 -0.403% has been established for the plateletcrit (Kelley et al., 2014). Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with inherited macrothrombocytopenia usually (but not always) have a normal plateletcrit, because platelets are uniformly large and their large size makes up for the mild to moderate t…

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Peritoneal fluid

Cytology /

…terol) are quite rare in animals. Note, the triglyceride concentration (or ratio with serum) may not be helpful for confirming the diagnosis in animals that have not been eating (fluid from anorectic animals may also not be grossly chylous). Causes of a chylous ascites are uncommon and include: Lymphatic obstruction, e.g. tumor in mesenteric lymph node, mesenteric torsion, adhesions. Lymphangiectasia, e.g. intestinal disease, e.g. lymphoma. Pan…

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Shape changes

Hematology /

…-dependent. Low numbers of misshapen red blood cells can be seen in blood from clinically normal or ill animals and may not be of diagnostic relevance. However, in some situations, low numbers can be helpful.  For instance, a few schistocytes in a sick dog with thrombocytopenia should raise suspicion of fragmentation injury, secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).Testing for this hemostastic disorder could be consider…

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