…fever, corticosteroids Increased protein digestion – increased dietary intake of protein or hemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract Creatinine: Creatinine is produced in muscle from creatine (which is produced in the liver). Creatinine is freely filtered by the glomerulus and not resorbed. Minimal tubular secretion of creatinine occurs in domestic animals, except for the goat, in which tubular secretion of creatinine can be subst…
…ly replaced), agarose gel or liquid within a capillary tube (capillary zone). These all separate the proteins into distinct bands or fractions. The fractions are separated by charge and size. Albumin is the most abundant single protein in serum and forms a single distinct band in the gel. The globulins are further separated, usually into several bands, designated α1, α2, β1, β2, and γ. Even though there is one peak in each of the separated compon…
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…cytes in blood, e.g. mast cells, histiocytes. Leukocyte patterns: Physiologic leukocytosis, stress leukogram, inflammatory leukogram, leukemia Morphologic features of nRBC and interpretation of increased numbers in blood. Morphologic features of immature neutrophils Morphologic features of toxic change in neutrophils. Quick test guide: Quick guide for interpretation of changes in hematologic test results Atlas: For image compilations….
…d excess urine from transferring between pads. When using dipsticks, follow manufacturer’s directions on storage and use of the reagents. The package insert also contains useful information about test limitations and interfering substances. In clinical practice, the degree of color change on the dipstick (e.g. 1+, 2+) is visually (and subjectively) assessed. At Cornell University, we no longer visually examine the Multistix® to d…
Total solids/protein Table refractometer This is measured by refractometer and actually measures refractive index versus total protein. It is used as an estimate for total protein (which are the constituents of plasma that have the most effect on the refractive index). This is used as a quick guide as to potential mechanisms for anemia (e.g. a low total protein would support blood loss) or the presence of other disorders (e.g. a very high total…
Total solids and plasma Read More »
…bolize drugs and degrade hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Iron is measured in serum or plasma, where it is most commonly used as a marker of iron status (deficiency or excess) and inflammation. Iron in serum or plasma is not “free” (iron is a strong free radical and highly toxic) but is bound to the iron transport protein, apotransferrin (the combination of iron + apotransferrin is called transferrin), in ferric form (Fe3+). Cells acq…
…lts on coagulation testing (platelet count, PT, APTT, fibrinogen). The buccal mucosal bleeding time as a global test of primary hemostasis may be prolonged in affected patients. Bernard-Soulier syndrome This defect is due to a deficiency or abnormality in the GPIb-IX-V complex and results in thrombocytopenia with macroplatelets. Since the complex is required for platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor under high shear rates (vWf), affected pla…
…dicated freezer (coagulation factors degrade in frost-free freezers) and kept frozen until it reaches the laboratory (shipped on dry ice). EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples for platelet counts: Transport EDTA (and citrate-anticoagulated plasma) on ice packs. The EDTA blood should not in direct contact with the ice (wrap with a paper towel); ice may freeze cells in the EDTA tube and cause platelet clumping. Test ASAP!! Platelets become activ…
…n this video, one approach to interpreting the wealth of data in biochemical panels is provided. We essentially compartmentalize the data into organ systems or metabolic changes, including acid-base disturbances, and then step back and put the case together with the rest of the results (physical examination findings, hemogram, urinalysis, imaging results) and what we know of the patient. This can then lead us to additional tests that we may want…
…e of endothelial cells. When thrombin is generated in vivo by an activated hemostatic system, AT binds thrombin to form thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), which are cleared by the liver. High concentrations of TAT indicate excessive generation of thrombin or hypercoagulability, but this assay is generally only performed in research settings. AT is a small protein around the size of albumin and can be lost, concurrently with albumin in protein…
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