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Definitions and terms

Hematology /

Lots of terms are thrown around hematologic testing (and clinical pathology in general) and some terms mean different things, depending on the context in which they are applied. A classic example is the term myeloid, which means all non-lymphoid cells (granulocytes, monocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes) in the context of acute leukemia, whereas it means all granulocytes and monocytes when referring to a myeloid to erythroid ratio in marrow…

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Cholestasis

Chemistry /

…tasis (too none specific), e.g. hypercholesterolemia, increased bile acid concentrations (see below under laboratory diagnosis). Types of cholestasis The flow of bile is dependent on the active transport of bile acids via protein transporters into canaliculi creating an osmotic gradient and the patency of the biliary tract from the canaliculi to where the common bile duct enters the intestine. Cholestasis can therefore be associated with either…

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Acute phase proteins

Chemistry /

…rage: stable at -10 C for 3 months Anticoagulant: Do not use citrate tube as levels are significantly lowered Tests Turbidimetric immunoassay: used in humans and has been adapted for automated biochemical analyzers. However, there is variation in cross-activity with different antihuman CRP antibodies. Hemolysis will interfere with immunoturbidimetric testing. ELISA: a commercially available kit for canine CRP Slide/capillary reverse passive la…

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Trauma

Hemostasis /

…in C will lead to a bleeding phenotype. This is because protein C acts as an anticoagulant (inhibiting the cofactors, FV and FVIII, with the help of free protein S and the endothelial protein C receptor) and as a profibrinolytic (inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1). There is a strong association between high protein C activity and hypoperfusion, suggesting that the latter is the driving force behind excessive protein C, however t…

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Creatine kinase

Chemistry /

…e. CK-3: MM isoenzyme, found in skeletal muscle, with lesser amounts in cardiac muscle. This isoenzyme accounts for the majority of CK in plasma of animals. CK-Mt: Found in mitochondrial membranes, and comprises 15% of total cardiac CK activity. There are ubiquitous and sarcomeric forms of CK-Mt. CK and AST levels in a horse with muscle injury CK can also be found in macroforms. For example, macro-CK1 is dimeric CK1 bound to immunoglobulin. In…

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Synovial fluid

Cytology /

…ritis, that is characterized by high proportions of lymphocytes. Ehrlichia/Anaplasma: Ehrlichia ewingii in dogs and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are becoming more common causes of polyarthritis in dogs. Morulae may be seen in neutrophils but usually <5% of the cells, so they could be missed on scanning. All dogs with polyarthritis should be tested for these tick-borne diseases and given doxycycline if positive. A concurrent thrombocytopenia…

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Hematocrit/packed cell volume

Hematology /

…asure of the red blood cell component of blood. Unlike the HCT, this measurement is affected by plasma trapping and how the red blood cells pack within the column. At Cornell University, we centrifuge microhematocrit tubes for 10 minutes in ruminants versus 3 minutes in other species, because it is thought that red blood cells of ruminant do not “pack” as well as other species, however this remains to be tested.  Examination of t…

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Acute myeloid leukemia

Hematology /

…must be classified further into AML, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or leukemic phase of lymphoma with more testing, including immunophenotyping and/or cytochemical staining. In the absence of circulating blasts, the diagnosis of AML requires finding ≥20% myeloid blasts in a bone marrow aspirate, with myeloid lineage determined by the aforementioned tests (not ever clonality tests for lymphoid gene rearrangements or PARR). We also recommend t…

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Immunoglobulins

Chemistry /

…a neoplastic proliferation of B lymphocytes or plasma cells. Measurement The immunoglobulin class that is most commonly measured is IgG, but IgM and IgA can also be measured. The two main indications for measuring immunoglobulins are to evaluate for failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI or FPT) in large animal neonates, and (less commonly) as a supporting test to evaluate monoclonal gammopathies. The classic method for measuring IgG, IgM…

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Cystatin C

Chemistry /

…protein. Methodology Cystatin C is currently not offered by Cornell University. The protein is detected using automated immunologic-based turbodimetric or nephelometric assays. In the standard immunoturbidometric assay (most common assay used in animals since it can be measured with standard chemistry analyzers), turbidity is altered by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes (cystatin C and anti-cystatin C antibodies on beads), which ca…

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