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Leukogram patterns

…es and cattle. Experimental studies in cats: Treatment with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids (dexamethasone at 0.55 mg/kg/day or prednisone at 4.4 mg/kg/day for 56 days given to two groups of 7 cats) increased mean neutrophil and monocyte counts and decreased lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in 14 cats. However, neutrophilia and monocytosis were uncommon with lymphopenia being the most common finding (Lowe et al 2008).  In a…

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Cytology

This section of the site is dedicated to cytology. Note, we have strived to provide images from smears stained with rapid stains (e.g. Diff-quik®) because this is what you are used to seeing in practice versus the modified-Wright’s stain we use (and love) in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory. Overview: Real short information on why we do cytology (other than instant gratification!). Sample collection: Tips on getting the most of your cyto…

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Anemia

…mia. Assessment of regeneration Mechanisms of anemia Causes of anemia Anemia summary: Summary of the mechanisms and causes (not exhaustive) of anemia. Overview Definition Anemia is defined as a decreased hematocrit (HCT) or hemoglobin. Packed cell volume (PCV), which is readily measured in clinical practice, can be used as a surrogate for hematocrit (a calculated value from the mean cell volume and red blood cell [RBC] count) and hemoglobin conc…

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Fluid changes

…th, approximately 60% of an adult animal’s body weight is water, but this varies with species, age, sex, breed, and body composition. For example, in humans, total body water decreases with age and is lower in women than in men. Neonatal dogs and cats have higher total body water content (about 80%) compared to adults. In greyhounds, approximately 70% of their total body weight is water (likely due to low body fat content). Fat has a lower water…

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Overview

…an attempt to normalize alterations in pH (specifically, H+) caused by the primary disturbance. A secondary or compensatory response does not usually return the pH to normal (exceptions are that the kidney can return the pH to normal in compensation for a chronic respiratory alkalosis or acidosis in dogs) and definitely does not cause overshooting of the pH. For example, a secondary or compensatory respiratory alkalosis to a primary metabolic ac…

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Concentrating ability

…er concentrating ability is adequate and is very useful for distinguishing between causes of azotemia. In order for the kidney to conserve water by concentrating urine, the kidney needs the following: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): This is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. ADH opens water pores (aquaporins) in the distal convoluted and collecting tubules allowing for water to be absorbed passively&nb…

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