…abnormally shaped platelets, such as Akitas (Hayakawa et al 2016, Caldin et al 2016). Breed-associated thrombocytopenia: Greyhounds and other sight hounds (e.g. whippets) can have lower platelet counts than other dog breeds (ranging from 80 to 295 x 10,000/µL), for reasons unknown. Acquired thrombocytopenia Acquired thrombocytopenia, usually immune-mediated, is the most common hemostatic disorder encountered in private veterinary pract…
…gen concentration in coagulation abnormalities. Measurement of clot table fibrinogen is more accurate for both increased or decreased concentrations. Thus, this test should always be used as a crude guide to fibrinogen concentrations (normal values do not rule out inflammation or hypofibrinogenemia). It is not recommended in small animals since clottable fibrinogen measurement is more accurate and readily available. Meth…
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…ctors (FII, VII, IX, X). Warfarin is seldom used to inhibit secondary hemostasis therapeutically in animals due to a low therapeutic:toxicity ratio (animals bleed severely when on this drug). Fibrinolysis: Tranexamic acid is synthetic lysine. Since plasminogen (and plasmin) bind to lysine residues in fibrin and fibrin promotes the activity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), lysine acts as a competitive inhibitor for plasmin and p…
…a poor indicator of total body stores. Physiology Of the magnesium in blood, about 20-30% circulates bound to serum proteins (mainly albumin, which binds around 75% of magnesium), while the remainder is either free (60%, called ionized magnesium or Mg2+) or bound to phosphates, citrates, and other compounds. Magnesium homeostasis is determined largely by the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Magnesium is also secrete…
…metabolic disorders. Physiology Cholesterol occurs in blood as part of all lipoproteins, but low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions have the highest concentrations. LDLs are formed from very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) by endothelial lipoprotein lipase. They are responsible for transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues, by binding to LDL receptors on these tissues, e.g. adrenal glands, ovary and testes. HDLs are…
…activator in standard ACT tubes was diatomaceous earth. However, these are not available through some supplier and newer tubes contain a different activator (e.g. a combination of celite, kaolin and glass beads) and ACT times are different and specific for activator. Citrate-anticoagulated plasma: All other assays. Please refer to the sample collection section on more guidelines on how to collect samples appropriately to optimize coagulation te…
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…(CM). All these lipoprotein classes contain TG, however the highest triglyceride concentrations are found in CM and VLDL. Lipoproteins shuttle triglycerides from intestines (ingested or “exogenous” TG or CM) and liver (synthesized or “endogenous” triglycerides from NEFA) to cells for energy or adipose tissue for storage. They also shuttle cholesterol to tissues (LDL) and liver (HDL) for use. So triglycerides are coming fro…
…min K-dependent factors, fibrinogen and factor VIII (endothelial cells in the liver, not hepatocytes) and inhibitors (protein C, protein S, antithrombin), but it is also responsible for clearance and degradation of factors, factor-inhibitor complexes and D-dimer/FDPs. Although coagulation abnormalities are common in naturally occurring liver disease (93% of dogs in one study and 82% of cats in another study had at least one abnormal coagulation t…
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…rative in disease states. This includes polyphosphates (see above – these can be released by cancer cells and are also found in bacteria), extracellular nuclear material (released by neutrophils in a process called NETosis, dying cells, and cancer cells) and other neutrophil constituents. DNA/histones: These act as competitive inhibitors with plasminogen for binding to fibrin (Urano et al 2018). Cell free DNA also binds to fibrin degradati…
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