…as well as clot formation and have been proported to detect hypo- and hypercoagulability, however additional research studies are required before they can be recommended for detecting hypercoagulable states. The diagnostic evaluation of an animal with a suspected hemostatic disorder starts with the patient – signalment (age, sex, breed), history, physical examination. Clues obtained from the patient can and should guide diagnostic testing…
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…ometry is based on the ability of certain membrane materials to generate an electrical potential (electromotive force, EMF) that can be used to measure the concentration of ions in solution. The electrode is able to detect an EMF because it is covered in a selective membrane that is close contact with the test solution and an internal filling solution. The membrane allows the ions on either side to come into close proximity generating an EMF, whi…
…tes You can now follow updates and other information (e.g. articles we read) on Twitter: @eClinPathCU, Facebook and Instagram (eclinpath_cornell). We also update the landing page of eClinPath.com. Thanks Credit (and effusive thanks) for the new site goes to the following people: Paul Miller: Designer, creator, web guru and host of the site. Maintains and updates style sheets, navigation, search engines, etc. Jorge Adarraga (veterinary stude…
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…logists, Chicago, 1934 (oldie but goodie, with a great table on dissolution features of crystals). Haber MH et al. Color atlas of the urinary sediment. An illustrated field guide based on proficiency testing. College of American Pathologists, Associated Press, 2010. Osborne CA and Stevens JB: Urinalysis: A clinical guide to compassionate patient care. Ringsrud KM and Linné JJ. Urinalysis and body fluids. A color text and atlas. Mosby, 1995….
…ullary potassium channel or ROMK channels in principal cells in the connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct and first part of medullary collecting duct. This channel is open under basal conditions, but its activity is also linked to absorption of Na+Â by sodium transporters (ENaC), which is stimulated by aldosterone. The basolateral Na/K pumps (also stimulated by aldosterone) move potassium from blood into the renal tubular cell for excre…
…randial to always exceed fasting concentrations (see below). Bile acid concentrations >25-30 μmol/L in dogs and > 25 μmol/L in cats are suggestive of hepatobiliary disease, i.e. decreased functional mass, alterations in portal circulation (or cholestasis, but this test is not recommended in cholestatic animals). These guidelines are valid for pre-prandial (fasting), post-prandial and random (unrelated to eating) samples. Based on stu…
…in ECF volume (hypovolemia) or increases in effective osmolality (hypertonicity). Regulation of body water is accomplished through osmoreceptors and baroreceptors, with the kidney being the main organ where sodium is retained (for more on renal resorption of sodium, refer to the renal physiology page). Sodium concentrations can also be affected by epinephrine, which stimulates renin release and sodium absorption. This effect is transient (for exa…
…used to detect upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, i.e. melena (or digested blood), which can be more difficult to see grossly (i.e. occult) versus undigested frank blood from lower intestinal or colonic hemorrhage in feces, but the test does not discriminate between upper or lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. It is more sensitive than visually examining feces for blood (frank or digested). Causes of gastrointestinal hemorrhage are many and varie…
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…sts, as they are being performed. They are considered analytical variables because they directly interfere with test performance (and results) in various ways, but also are pre analytical variables, because some (lipids, free hemoglobin, drugs) are controllable to some extent and can be minimized by sample collection and handling. In this section, we will cover the effect of the three most common interferences in clinical pathologic testing, lipe…
…with concentrated urine). In horses and cattle, increases in urea nitrogen can be modest in renal azotemia due to excretion of urea into the gastrointestinal system. Once in the gastrointestinal system, the urea is then broken down into amino acids in the cecum and rumen, respectively, and is reabsorbed as amino acids (reused for protein synthesis or gluconeogenesis) and not as urea nitrogen. Therefore, creatinine is a more reliable indicator of…
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