…y tract, respiratory tract, and skin. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia: This has been reported in Arabian horses and dogs. They have a delayed onset of post-natal immunoglobulin synthesis and are susceptible to adenoviral and bacterial infections. Acquired immunodeficiencies: These are, by far, more common than inherited immunodeficiencies. Failure of passive transfer (FPT): Animals are dependent upon ingestion of colostrum for passive immunity…
…n organisms. The most important product of carbohydrate metabolism is glucose , the principal source of energy for cells. It is only when glucose is limiting that lipid metabolism takes over. Clinical assessment of carbohydrate metabolism involve blood glucose measurements and tests that approximate the duration and severity of glucose increases in the blood (fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin; note the latter is no longer used for this pu…
…g iron binding sites are occupied, although the actual range (or reference interval) is quite broader than this and varies with species. Since the percent saturation is dependent on iron and TIBC, the results for all three tests should be interpreted together, i.e. in parallel (see iron panels). Related links Clinical Pathology Laboratory in the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Cornell University website: Information on testing for iron p…
…mg/dL bilirubin (next lowest tested bilirubin concentration was 10 mg/dL) with a similar degree of decrease in total protein (1.0 g/dL) at the highest bilirubin concentration (36 mg/dL). As for the case report, protein concentrations measured by refractometer were unchanged (Gupta and Stockham 2014). Drugs: 4% succinylated gelatin will falsely increase results (Yam et al 2018). Test interpretation Since total protein consists of a composi…
…r injury in dogs. Corticosteroids generally do not result in increased AST activity, unless they cause hepatocellular injury (in dogs). Test interpretation Increased AST activity As a guideline to degree of increase, a 2-3 fold increase (compared to the upper reference limit) is mild, 4-5 fold increase is moderate, and >10 fold increase is marked. Degree of change is variable among clinicians and clinical pathologists. Artifact: M…
…s to the sample. This saturates transferrin with iron (transferrin is normally composed of 33% iron). This is accomplished at an alkaline pH (because an acidic pH would liberate the iron of transferrin) and ensures that the excess iron binds to the transferrin that lacks iron (unbound), i.e. assesses the iron binding capacity of transferrin. The iron remaining in the sample from that added is then measured using the standard dye-binding assay for…
…d with a hemolytic index >1000 (marked) on the Hitachi P modular (by 120% at a hemolytic index of 1282 units and by 220% at a hemolytic index of 3568 units). Test interpretation Increased activity Physiologic: GLDH activity in some foals may be above reference intervals established for adults (similar to GGT) and may not indicate liver injury (unpublished observations). Pathophysiologic: Liver injury: GLDH is a sensitive and specific mark…
…ed ALT activity, e.g. tetracycline in cats, caparsolate in dogs, acetaminophen. Certain drugs may decrease ALT (and AST) activity, by impairing activation of vitamin B6 to P5P, e.g. cephalosporin, cyclosporin, isoniazide. Test interpretation Increased ALT activity As a guideline to degree of increase, a 2-3 fold increase (compared to the upper reference limit) is mild, 4-5 fold increase is moderate, and >10 fold increase is marked. Quantifi…
…dothelial matrix and plasma (thus it can be measured in plasma). Even though vWf is in plasma, it does not bind to GP1b-IX-V (being in the incorrect compact conformation, which hides the receptor binding site); rather at high shear rates, collagen-tethered vWf is needed to capture platelets. With vessel injury, the multimeric vWf in the extracellular matrix unfurls into long strands (called “strings”) once exposed to the shear forces…
Primary hemostasis Read More »
…a stronger fibrin clot and can inhibit fibrinolysis directly (e.g. inhibiting the action of tPA, act as a cofactor for fibrinolytic inhibitors) (Alhamdi and Toh 2017). Formation of a stronger clot with thicker fibrin fibrils: This will occur with excessive prodution of thrombin, which also activates thrombin-activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor, which inhibits clot breakdown by competing with plasminogen binding to lysine residues in fibrin. In fa…
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