Chemistry

Synonyms γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) Physiology The enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) cleaves C-terminal glutamyl groups from amino acids and transfers them to another peptide or to an amino acid. It is important in glutathione metabolism (reduced and oxidized GSH are the main targets), amino acid absorption (cysteine in the kidney), and protection against oxidant injury (Hanigan […]

Synonyms Serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP, SALP, ALP) or plasma alkaline phosphatase Physiology Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, AP) is a non-specific metallo-enzyme which hydrolyzes many types of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH in the presence of zinc and magnesium ions. The main use of ALP is as a sensitive indicator of cholestasis in the dog (it

Physiology Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH, GMD, GLD, and GDH, although GMD is preferred by one group of authors [Baron et al 1975]) is a mitochrondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate. Increases in GLDH activity are used primarily to reflect leakage from damaged or necrotic hepatocytes. Since it is quite a large mitochondrial

Synonyms Iditol dehydrogenase (ID, this name is preferred by one group of authors [Baron et al 1975]) Physiology Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is found in the highest concentration in the liver. It is a cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose to sorbitol. It is a very specific indicator of liver disease in all species,

Synonyms Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) Physiology Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) catalyzes the transfer of the alpha amino group of aspartic acid to alpha-ketoglutaric acid, resulting in the formation of oxaloacetic acid and glutamic acid. Both aminotransferases (ALT and AST) require pyridoxal 5′ phosphate (P5P) as an essential cofactor for maximum enzyme activity. P5P is the active

Synonyms Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) Physiology Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) catalyzes the transfer of the alpha amino group of alanine to alpha-ketoglutaric acid, resulting in the formation of pyruvic and glutamic acid. ALT is mostly located in the cytoplasm (with small amounts in mitochondria) and like AST, requires cofactor P5P for maximal enzyme activity. It is

The sample indexes of lipemia, hemolysis and icterus are part of our chemistry results. They are provided automatically with our analyzer with any chemistry test and are very useful.  These indexes are more objective and consistent than visual assessment of a sample.  Hemolysis from ruptured red blood cells (whether in vitro as an artifact or

Although there are other tests that can be used to assess for muscle and nerve function (e.g. electromyography, muscle biopsy), only markers of muscle injury (muscle leakage enzymes) are routinely evaluated in the clinical chemistry laboratory. These include: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – discussed under Liver Creatine kinase (CK) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

The liver has a tremendous capacity for regeneration and its functional mass in health greatly exceeds the body’s needs.In veterinary medicine, there are no standard definitions for the terms hepatic dysfunction and hepatic failure. Dysfunction: One can consider dysfunction as being a laboratory definition, i.e. identifying defects in liver function by biochemical testing (as listed below)

Cholestasis can be defined as the stoppage or suppression of bile flow. There are several laboratory markers of cholestasis. These are: “Cholestastic” or “inducible” enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). These are bound to cell membranes of biliary epithelial cells and primarily serve as indicators of cholestasis. ALP, however, is less than specific for