…ient (primarily due to intermittent release of catecholamines) but can be quite pronounced in cats (e.g. around 300-400 mg/dL), cattle (may be glucocorticoid versus epinephrine-mediated) and camelids (presumably epinephrine mediated). Generally, dogs develop less severe hyperglycemia (usually < 300 mg/dL). Growth hormone (GH): This increases blood glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake by cells (muscle and fat). It also promotes glycogenolysis i…
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… Hemolysis from ruptured red blood cells (whether in vitro as an artifact or in vivo, as part of an intravascular component to a hemolytic anemia), lipemia (usually due to increased chylomicrons or high concentrations of very low density lipoproteins) and icterus (from hyperbilirubinemia) in a sample can, in some cases, interfere with accurate measurement of clinical pathologic analytes through various mechanisms (for more, see interferences…
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…us corticosteroids, and epinephrine. Immune-mediated diseases such as immune-mediated hemolytic anemia are also commonly associated with neutrophilia due to actions of inflammatory cytokines. A neutrophilia is a feature of several different leukogram patterns, including an inflammatory leukogram, stress leukogram, and physiologic leukocytosis. Strenuous exercise in horses, whether associated with extreme stress (Schalm’s Veterinary Hematolo…
…5%). In sick animals, various diseases were associated with a reticulocytosis without anemia, including cardiovascular and respiratory disease, blood loss, inflammation and cancer (Fuchs et al 2018). The reticulocytosis was marked in a few cases (up to 700,000/uL in dogs and 300,000/ul in cats, but a compensated hemolytic anemia was not ruled out). Small breed dogs with congestive heart failure due to mitral valve disease can also have a reticulo…
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…ein 0.003-0.005a Albumin 0.002-0.003a a Fundamentals in Veterinary Clinical Pathology (Stockham and Scott) b USG dependent; Behrend et al 2019 (see below) Glucose: A study in which glucose was spiked into pooled canine and feline urine of different USGs showed the following: Canine urine: Addition of 300 mg/dL glucose increased the USG by 0.001-0.002 in samples with a USG < 1.025. Addition of 1200 mg/dL glucose increased th...
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…nters, in which the manufacturers placed immature neutrophils to the left of mature neutrophils on the counter (www.pathologystudent.com) as depicted in the image below. With the advent of computers, the immature neutrophil button can be assigned to any key, however the term is here to stay and is used to indicate that there is the presence of more immature cells of a specific lineage in the circulation. The term is usually applied to neutrophils…
…reference limit in cats (since they have a higher MGP:CGP ratio than other species). In general, it would be uncommon for a stress leukogram to increase a segmented neutrophil count >10-12,000/μL in horses and ruminants. Note, that animals on chronic immunosuppressive (high) doses of steroids (not just a release of endogenous steroids due to “stress”), a mild left shift (band neutrophil count of 300 to 400/uL) may be seen without…
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